mysql读写分离方式
1.开发人员修改mysql操作,直接和数据库通信,实现简单快捷的读写分离和负载均衡,但是权则限独立分配。 2.amoeba,直接实现读写分离和负载均衡,不用修改代码,有很灵活的数据解决方案,自己分配账户,和后端数据库权限管理独立,权限处理不够灵活。 3.mysql-proxy,直接实现读写分离和负载均衡,不用修改代码,master和slave用一样的帐号,效率低 4.mycat中间件 5.proxysql中间件
proxysql
简介
ProxySQL 是一款可以实际用于生产环境的 MySQL 中间件,它有官方版和 percona 版两种。percona版是在官方版的基础上修改的,添加了几个比较实用的工具。生产环境建议用官方版。
ProxySQL 是用 C++ 语言开发的,能满足中间件所需的绝大多数功能功能:
1.最基本的读/写分离 2.可定制基于用户、基于schema、基于语句的规则对SQL语句进行路由。换句话说,规则很灵活。基于schema和与语句级的规则,可以实现简单的sharding(分库分表) 3.可缓存查询结果。虽然ProxySQL的缓存策略比较简陋,但实现了基本的缓存功能,绝大多数时候也够用了。 4.监控后端节点。ProxySQL可以监控后端节点的多个指标,包括:ProxySQL和后端的心跳信息,后端节点的read-only/read-write,slave和master的数据同步延迟性(replication lag).
proxysql安装
配置proxysql源,地址[root@vm3 ~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/proxysql.repo [proxysql_repo] name=ProxySQL baseurl=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/proxysql-1.4.x/centos/7 gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=http://repo.proxysql.com/ProxySQL/repo_pub_key [root@vm3 ~]# yum clean all [root@vm3 ~]# yum makecache CentOS-8 - AppStream 1.5 MB/s | 6.3 MB 00:04 CentOS-8 - Base 1.0 MB/s | 2.3 MB 00:02 CentOS-8 - Extras 5.6 kB/s | 8.6 kB 00:01 ProxySQL 2.8 kB/s | 4.4 kB 00:01 Last metadata expiration chec安装proxysql
[root@vm3 ~]# yum -y install proxysql mariadb
proxysql侦听端口
[root@vm3 ~]# systemctl start proxysql [root@vm3 ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6032 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
admin管理接口
默认端口为6032。该端口用于查看、配置ProxySQL,该接口使用MySQL协议所以,可以直接使用mysql客户端、navicat等工具去连接这个管理接口,其默认的用户名和密码均为 admin。
[root@vm3 ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h127.0.0.1 -P6032 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | seq | name | file | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | 0 | main | | | 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db | | 3 | stats | | | 4 | monitor | | | 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]>
ProxySQL 的配置全部保存在几个自带的库中,所以通过管理接口,ProxySQL会解析某些对ProxySQL有效的特定命令,并将其合理转换后发送给内嵌的SQLite3 数据库引擎去运行,从而可以非常方便地修改 ProxySQL 的配置。
ProxySQL 的配置几乎都是通过管理接口来操作的,通过 Admin 管理接口,可以在线修改几乎所有的配置并使其生效。只有两个变量的配置是必须重启 ProxySQL 才能生效的,它们是:
mysql-threads 和 mysql-stacksize
接收SQL语句的接口
默认端口为6033,这个接口类似于MySQL的3306端口admin管理接口的相关变量
admin-admin_credentials
该变量控制的是admin管理接口的管理员账户。默认的管理员账户和密码为admin:admin,但是这个默认的用户只能在本地使用。若需要远程连接则必须自定义一个管理员用户。
添加管理员账户##查看当前管理员账户信息 MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-admin_credentials; +---------------------------+ | @@admin-admin_credentials | +---------------------------+ | admin:admin | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.003 sec) ##设置新的管理员账户 MySQL [(none)]> set admin-admin_credentials=‘admin:admin;wisan:wisan‘; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-admin_credentials; +---------------------------+ | @@admin-admin_credentials | +---------------------------+ | admin:admin;wisan:wisan | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.003 sec) ##加载生效 MySQL [(none)]> load admin variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec) ##保存到磁盘,否则重启账户消失 MySQL [(none)]> save admin variables to disk; Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.006 sec)远程登录验证
[root@vm5 ~]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -h192.168.225.130 -P6032 ERROR 2002 (HY000): Can‘t connect to MySQL server on ‘192.168.225.130‘ (115) [root@vm5 ~]# mysql -uwisan -pwisan -h192.168.225.130 -P6032 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 4 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]>修改main库中对应的表即位配置proxysql
MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | seq | name | file | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | 0 | main | | | 2 | disk | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql.db | | 3 | stats | | | 4 | monitor | | | 5 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ 5 rows in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [(none)]> use main; Reading table information for completion of table and column names You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A Database changed MySQL [main]> show tables; +--------------------------------------------+ | tables | +--------------------------------------------+ | global_variables | | mysql_collations | | mysql_group_replication_hostgroups | | mysql_query_rules | | mysql_query_rules_fast_routing | | mysql_replication_hostgroups | | mysql_servers | | mysql_users | | proxysql_servers | | runtime_checksums_values | | runtime_global_variables | | runtime_mysql_group_replication_hostgroups | | runtime_mysql_query_rules | | runtime_mysql_query_rules_fast_routing | | runtime_mysql_replication_hostgroups | | runtime_mysql_servers | | runtime_mysql_users | | runtime_proxysql_servers | | runtime_scheduler | | scheduler | +--------------------------------------------+ 20 rows in set (0.002 sec)注意: 区分admin管理接口的用户名和mysql_users中的用户名
admin管理接口的用户是连接到管理接口(默认端口6032)上用来管理、配置ProxySQL的
mysql_users表中的用户名是应用程序连接ProxySQL(默认端口6033),以及ProxySQL连接后端MySQL Servers使用的用户。它的作用是发送、路由SQL语句,类似于MySQL Server的3306端口。所以,这个表中的用户必须已经在后端MySQL Server上存在且授权了
admin管理接口的用户必须不能存在于mysql_users中,这是出于安全的考虑,防止通过admin管理接口用户猜出mysql_users中的用户
admin-stats_credentials
该变量控制admin管理接口的普通用户,这个变量中的用户没只能查看monitor库和main库中关于统计的数据,其它库都是不可见的,且没有任何写权限
默认的普通用户名和密码均为stats,与admin一样,它默认也只能用于本地登录,若想让人远程查看则要添加查看的专有用户。同样,这个变量中的用户必须不能存在于mysql_users表中
添加查看用户MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-stats_credentials; +---------------------------+ | @@admin-stats_credentials | +---------------------------+ | stats:stats | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.003 sec) MySQL [(none)]> set admin-stats_credentials=‘stats:stats;mystats:mystats‘; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-stats_credentials; +---------------------------+ | @@admin-stats_credentials | +---------------------------+ | stats:stats;mystats:mystats | +---------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [(none)]> load admin variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> save admin variables to disk; Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.005 sec) MySQL [(none)]>验证
[root@vm5 ~]# mysql -umystats -pmystats -h192.168.225.130 -P6032 Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 7 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]> show databases; +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | seq | name | file | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ | 0 | main | | | 2 | monitor | | | 3 | stats_history | /var/lib/proxysql/proxysql_stats.db | +-----+---------------+-------------------------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> show tables from main; +--------------------------------------+ | tables | +--------------------------------------+ | global_variables | | stats_memory_metrics | | stats_mysql_commands_counters | | stats_mysql_connection_pool | | stats_mysql_connection_pool_reset | | stats_mysql_global | | stats_mysql_prepared_statements_info | | stats_mysql_processlist | | stats_mysql_query_digest | | stats_mysql_query_digest_reset | | stats_mysql_query_rules | | stats_mysql_users | | stats_proxysql_servers_checksums | | stats_proxysql_servers_metrics | | stats_proxysql_servers_status | +--------------------------------------+ 15 rows in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [(none)]>
admin-mysql_ifaces
admin-mysql_ifaces变量指定admin接口的监听地址,格式为冒号分隔的hostname:port列表。默认监听在 0.0.0.0:6032
修改admin接口的监听端口为6666MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-mysql_ifaces; +----------------------+ | @@admin-mysql_ifaces | +----------------------+ | 0.0.0.0:6032 | +----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [(none)]> set admin-mysql_ifaces=‘0.0.0.0:6666‘; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-mysql_ifaces; +----------------------+ | @@admin-mysql_ifaces | +----------------------+ | 0.0.0.0:6666 | +----------------------+ 1 row in set (0.002 sec) MySQL [(none)]> load admin variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> save admin variables to disk; Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.029 sec) MySQL [(none)]> quit查看端口
[root@vm3 ~]# ss -antl State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6666 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:6033 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:* [root@vm3 ~]#
同时还允许使用UNIX的domain socket进行监听,这样本主机内的应用程序就可以直接被处理。
使用socket监听MySQL [(none)]> set admin-mysql_ifaces=‘0.0.0.0:6666;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock‘; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> load admin variables to runtime; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec) MySQL [(none)]> save admin variables to disk; Query OK, 31 rows affected (0.006 sec) MySQL [(none)]> select @@admin-mysql_ifaces; +---------------------------------------+ | @@admin-mysql_ifaces | +---------------------------------------+ | 0.0.0.0:6666;/tmp/proxysql_admin.sock | +---------------------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.003 sec)验证
[root@vm3 ~]# cd /tmp/ [root@vm3 tmp]# ls proxysql_admin.sock [root@vm3 tmp]# ll total 0 srwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 0 Dec 28 20:57 proxysql_admin.sock ##套接字登录 [root@vm3 tmp]# mysql -uadmin -padmin -S proxysql_admin.sock Welcome to the MariaDB monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 9 Server version: 5.5.30 (ProxySQL Admin Module) Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others. Type ‘help;‘ or ‘\h‘ for help. Type ‘\c‘ to clear the current input statement. MySQL [(none)]>
mysql读写分离-proxysql
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